My Body, My Data Act of 2022
This bill establishes protections, subject to certain limits, for personal reproductive or sexual health information. This includes information relating to past, present, or future surgeries or procedures, such as the termination of a pregnancy.
Specifically, commercial entities, including individuals, nonprofits, and common carriers, may not collect, retain, use, or disclose personal reproductive or sexual health information except (1) with the express written consent of the individual to whom such information relates, or (2) as is strictly necessary to provide a requested product or service.
Commercial entities also must provide individuals with access to, and a reasonable mechanism to delete, any of their reproductive or sexual health information upon request. Further, commercial entities must maintain and publish a privacy policy describing their practices with respect to such information.
The bill's provisions do not apply to entities that are subject to certain existing health-related privacy regulations, such as the privacy regulations issued under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Additionally, the provisions do not apply to the disclosure of personal reproductive or sexual health information for the publication of newsworthy information of legitimate public concern.
The bill provides for enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission and by private civil actions.
[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 8111 Introduced in House (IH)]
<DOC>
117th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 8111
To protect the privacy of personal reproductive or sexual health
information, and for other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
June 16, 2022
Ms. Jacobs of California (for herself, Ms. Kuster, Mr. Phillips, Ms.
Lois Frankel of Florida, Ms. Pressley, Ms. Chu, Ms. Garcia of Texas,
Ms. Eshoo, Ms. Speier, Ms. Brownley, Ms. Manning, Mrs. Lawrence, Ms.
Jackson Lee, Mr. Payne, Ms. Norton, Mr. Vargas, Mr. Blumenauer, Mr.
Auchincloss, Ms. Wild, Mr. Crow, Ms. Stansbury, Ms. Williams of
Georgia, Ms. Escobar, Mrs. Hayes, Mrs. Carolyn B. Maloney of New York,
Ms. Kelly of Illinois, Mrs. Lee of Nevada, Ms. Meng, Ms. Clark of
Massachusetts, Ms. Ross, Mr. Khanna, Ms. Scanlon, Ms. Newman, Mr.
Lowenthal, Ms. Lee of California, Ms. Leger Fernandez, and Mrs.
Fletcher) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Energy and Commerce
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To protect the privacy of personal reproductive or sexual health
information, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``My Body, My Data Act of 2022''.
SEC. 2. MINIMIZATION.
(a) Minimization of Collecting, Retaining, Using, and Disclosing.--
A regulated entity may not collect, retain, use, or disclose personal
reproductive or sexual health information except--
(1) with the express consent of the individual to whom such
information relates; or
(2) as is strictly necessary to provide a product or
service that the individual to whom such information relates
has requested from such regulated entity.
(b) Minimization of Employee Access.--A regulated entity shall
restrict access to personal reproductive or sexual health information
by the employees or service providers of such regulated entity to such
employees or service providers for which access is necessary to provide
a product or service that the individual to whom such information
relates has requested from such regulated entity.
SEC. 3. RIGHT OF ACCESS AND DELETION.
(a) Right of Access.--
(1) In general.--A regulated entity shall make available a
reasonable mechanism by which an individual, upon a verified
request, may access--
(A) any personal reproductive or sexual health
information relating to such individual that is
retained by such regulated entity, including--
(i) in the case of such information that
such regulated entity collected from third
parties, how and from which specific third
parties such regulated entity collected such
information; and
(ii) such information that such regulated
entity inferred about such individual; and
(B) a list of the specific third parties to which
such regulated entity has disclosed any personal
reproductive or sexual health information relating to
such individual.
(2) Format.--A regulated entity shall make the information
described in paragraph (1) available in both a human-readable
format and a structured, interoperable, and machine-readable
format.
(b) Right of Deletion.--A regulated entity shall make available a
reasonable mechanism by which an individual, upon a verified request,
may request the deletion of any personal reproductive or sexual health
information relating to such individual that is retained by such
regulated entity, including any such information that such regulated
entity collected from a third party or inferred from other information
retained by such regulated entity.
(c) General Provisions.--
(1) Reasonable mechanism defined.--In this section, the
term ``reasonable mechanism'' means, with respect to a
regulated entity and a right under this section, a mechanism
that--
(A) is equivalent in availability and ease of use
to that of other mechanisms for communicating or
interacting with such regulated entity; and
(B) includes an online means of exercising such
right.
(2) Timeline for complying with requests.--A regulated
entity shall comply with a verified request received under this
section without undue delay but not later than 15 days after
the date on which such regulated entity receives such verified
request.
(3) Fees prohibited.--A regulated entity may not charge a
fee to an individual for a request made under this section.
(4) Rules of construction.--Nothing in this section shall
be construed to require a regulated entity to--
(A) take an action that would convert information
that is not personal information into personal
information;
(B) collect or retain personal information that
such regulated entity would otherwise not collect or
retain; or
(C) retain personal information longer than such
regulated entity would otherwise retain such
information.
SEC. 4. PRIVACY POLICY.
(a) Policy Required.--A regulated entity shall maintain a privacy
policy relating to the practices of such regulated entity regarding the
collecting, retaining, using, and disclosing of personal reproductive
or sexual health information.
(b) Publication Required.--If a regulated entity has a website,
such regulated entity shall prominently publish the privacy policy
required by subsection (a) on such website.
(c) Contents.--The privacy policy required by subsection (a) shall
be clear and conspicuous and shall contain, at a minimum, the
following:
(1) A description of the practices of the regulated entity
regarding the collecting, retaining, using, and disclosing of
personal reproductive or sexual health information.
(2) A clear and concise statement of the categories of such
information collected, retained, used, or disclosed by the
regulated entity.
(3) A clear and concise statement of the purposes of the
regulated entity for the collecting, retaining, using, or
disclosing of such information.
(4) A list of the specific third parties to which the
regulated entity discloses such information, and a clear and
concise statement of the purposes for which the regulated
entity discloses such information, including how the
information may be used by each such third party.
(5) A list of the specific third parties from which the
regulated entity has collected such information, and a clear
and concise statement of the purposes for which the regulated
entity collects such information.
(6) A clear and concise statement describing the extent to
which individuals may exercise control over the collecting,
retaining, using, and disclosing of personal reproductive or
sexual health information by the regulated entity, and the
steps an individual must take to implement such controls.
(7) A clear and concise statement describing the efforts of
the regulated entity to protect personal reproductive or sexual
health information from unauthorized disclosure.
SEC. 5. ENFORCEMENT.
(a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission.--
(1) Unfair or deceptive acts or practices.--A violation of
this Act or a regulation promulgated under this Act shall be
treated as a violation of a regulation under section
18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C.
57a(a)(1)(B)) regarding unfair or deceptive acts or practices.
(2) Powers of commission.--Except as provided in section
6(7)(A)(ii), the Commission shall enforce this Act and the
regulations promulgated under this Act in the same manner, by
the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and
duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the
Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were
incorporated into and made a part of this Act, and any
regulated entity that violates this Act or a regulation
promulgated under this Act shall be subject to the penalties
and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in the
Federal Trade Commission Act.
(3) Rulemaking authority.--The Commission may promulgate
regulations under section 553 of title 5, United States Code,
to implement this Act.
(b) Enforcement by Individuals.--
(1) In general.--Any individual alleging a violation of
this Act or a regulation promulgated under this Act may bring a
civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Relief.--In a civil action brought under paragraph (1)
in which the plaintiff prevails, the court may award--
(A) an amount not less than $100 and not greater
than $1,000 per violation per day, or actual damages,
whichever is greater;
(B) punitive damages;
(C) reasonable attorney's fees and litigation
costs; and
(D) any other relief, including equitable or
declaratory relief, that the court determines
appropriate.
(3) Injury in fact.--A violation of this Act, or a
regulation promulgated under this Act, with respect to personal
reproductive or sexual health information constitutes a
concrete and particularized injury in fact to the individual to
whom such information relates.
(4) Invalidity of pre-dispute arbitration agreements and
pre-dispute joint action waivers.--
(A) In general.--Notwithstanding any other
provision of law, no pre-dispute arbitration agreement
or pre-dispute joint-action waiver shall be valid or
enforceable with respect to a dispute arising under
this Act.
(B) Applicability.--Any determination as to whether
or how this paragraph applies to any dispute shall be
made by a court, rather than an arbitrator, without
regard to whether such agreement purports to delegate
such determination to an arbitrator.
(C) Definitions.--For purposes of this paragraph:
(i) Pre-dispute arbitration agreement.--The
term ``pre-dispute arbitration agreement''
means any agreement to arbitrate a dispute that
has not arisen at the time of the making of the
agreement.
(ii) Pre-dispute joint-action waiver.--The
term ``pre-dispute joint-action waiver'' means
an agreement that would prohibit a party from
participating in a joint, class, or collective
action in a judicial, arbitral, administrative,
or other forum, concerning a dispute that has
not yet arisen at the time of the making of the
agreement.
SEC. 6. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Collect.--The term ``collect'' means, with respect to
personal reproductive or sexual health information, for a
regulated entity to obtain such information in any manner.
(2) Commission.--The term ``Commission'' means the Federal
Trade Commission.
(3) Disclose.--The term ``disclose'' means, with respect to
personal reproductive or sexual health information, for a
regulated entity to release, transfer, sell, provide access to,
license, or divulge such information in any manner to a third
party or government entity.
(4) Express consent.--
(A) In general.--The term ``express consent''
means, with respect to the collecting, retaining,
using, or disclosing of personal reproductive or sexual
health information, informed, opt-in, voluntary,
specific, and unambiguous written consent (which may
include written consent provided by electronic means)
to such collecting, retaining, using, or disclosing of
such information.
(B) Exclusions.--The term ``express consent'' does
not include any of the following:
(i) Consent secured without first providing
to the individual a clear and conspicuous
disclosure, apart from any privacy policy,
terms of service, terms of use, general
release, user agreement, or other similar
document, of all information material to the
provision of consent.
(ii) Hovering over, muting, pausing, or
closing a given piece of content.
(iii) Agreement obtained through the use of
a user interface designed or manipulated with
the substantial effect of subverting or
impairing user autonomy, decision making, or
choice.
(5) Personal information.--The term ``personal
information'' means information that identifies, relates to,
describes, is reasonably capable of being associated with, or
could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with a
particular individual.
(6) Personal reproductive or sexual health information.--
The term ``personal reproductive or sexual health information''
means personal information relating to the past, present, or
future reproductive or sexual health of an individual,
including--
(A) efforts to research or obtain reproductive or
sexual information services or supplies, including
location information that might indicate an attempt to
acquire or receive such information services or
supplies;
(B) reproductive or sexual health conditions,
status, diseases, or diagnoses, including pregnancy,
menstruation, ovulation, ability to conceive a
pregnancy, whether such individual is sexually active,
and whether such individual is engaging in unprotected
sex;
(C) reproductive- and sexual-health-related
surgeries or procedures, such as termination of a
pregnancy;
(D) use or purchase of contraceptives, birth
control, or any medication related to reproductive
health, including abortifacients;
(E) bodily functions, vital signs, measurement, or
symptoms related to menstruation or pregnancy, such as
basal temperature, cramps, bodily discharge, or hormone
levels;
(F) any information about diagnoses or diagnostic
testing, treatment, medications, or the use of any
product or service relating to the matters described in
subparagraphs (A) through (E); and
(G) any information described in subparagraphs (A)
through (F) that is derived or extrapolated from non-
health information (such as proxy, derivative,
inferred, emergent, or algorithmic data).
(7) Regulated entity.--
(A) In general.--The term ``regulated entity''
means any entity (to the extent such entity is engaged
in activities in or affecting commerce (as defined in
section 4 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15
U.S.C. 44))) that is--
(i) a person, partnership, or corporation
subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission
under section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade
Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(2)); or
(ii) notwithstanding section 4, 5(a)(2), or
6 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15
U.S.C. 44; 45(a)(2); 46) or any jurisdictional
limitation of the Commission--
(I) a common carrier subject to the
Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.
151 et seq.) and all Acts amendatory
thereof and supplementary thereto; or
(II) an organization not organized
to carry on business for its own profit
or that of its members.
(B) Exclusions.--The term ``regulated entity'' does
not include--
(i) an entity that is a covered entity, as
defined in section 160.103 of title 45, Code of
Federal Regulations (or any successor to such
regulation), to the extent such entity is
acting as a covered entity under the HIPAA
privacy regulations (as defined in section
1180(b)(3) of the Social Security Act (42
U.S.C. 1320d-9(b)(3)));
(ii) an entity that is a business
associate, as defined in section 160.103 of
title 45, Code of Federal Regulations (or any
successor to such regulation), to the extent
such entity is acting as a business associate
under the HIPAA privacy regulations (as defined
in such section 1180(b)(3)); or
(iii) an entity that is subject to
restrictions on disclosure of records under
section 543 of the Public Health Service Act
(42 U.S.C. 290dd-2), to the extent such entity
is acting in a capacity subject to such
restrictions.
(8) Service provider.--
(A) In general.--The term ``service provider''
means a person who--
(i) collects, retains, uses, or discloses
personal reproductive or sexual health
information for the sole purpose of, and only
to the extent that such person is, conducting
business activities on behalf of, for the
benefit of, under instruction of, and under
contractual agreement with a regulated entity
and not any other individual or entity; and
(ii) does not divulge personal reproductive
or sexual health information to any individual
or entity other than such regulated entity or a
contractor to such service provider bound to
information processing terms no less
restrictive than terms to which such service
provider is bound.
(B) Limitation of application.--Such person shall
only be considered a service provider in the course of
activities described in subparagraph (A)(i).
(C) Minimization by service providers.--For
purposes of compliance with section 2 by a service
provider of a regulated entity, a request from an
individual to such regulated entity for a product or
service, and an express consent from such individual to
such regulated entity, shall be treated as having also
been provided to such service provider.
(9) Third party.--The term ``third party'' means, with
respect to the disclosing or collecting of personal
reproductive or sexual health information, any person who is
not--
(A) the regulated entity that is disclosing or
collecting such information;
(B) the individual to whom such information
relates; or
(C) a service provider.
SEC. 7. EXCEPTION FOR THE PUBLICATION OF NEWSWORTHY INFORMATION.
Nothing in this Act, or a regulation promulgated under this Act,
shall apply with respect to personal reproductive or sexual health
information that is collected, retained, used, or disclosed by a
regulated entity for the publication of newsworthy information of
legitimate public concern to the public, or to the collecting,
retaining, using, or disclosing of such information by a regulated
entity for that purpose, if such regulated entity has reasonable
safeguards and processes that prevent the collecting, retaining, using,
or disclosing of personal reproductive or sexual health information for
commercial purposes other than the publication of newsworthy
information of legitimate public concern.
SEC. 8. RELATIONSHIP TO FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS.
(a) Federal Law Preservation.--Nothing in this Act, or a regulation
promulgated under this Act, shall be construed to limit any other
provision of Federal law, except as specifically provided in this Act.
(b) State Law Preservation.--
(1) In general.--Nothing in this Act, or a regulation
promulgated under this Act, shall be construed to preempt,
displace, or supplant any State law, except to the extent that
a provision of State law conflicts with a provision of this
Act, or a regulation promulgated under this Act, and then only
to the extent of the conflict.
(2) Greater protection under state law.--For purposes of
this subsection, a provision of State law does not conflict
with a provision of this Act, or a regulation promulgated under
this Act, if such provision of State law provides greater
privacy protection than the privacy protection provided by such
provision of this Act or such regulation.
SEC. 9. SAVINGS CLAUSE.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit the authority of
the Commission under any other provision of law. Nothing in this Act,
or a regulation promulgated under this Act, shall be construed to
prohibit a regulated entity from disclosing personal reproductive or
sexual health information to the Commission as required by law, in
compliance with a court order, or in compliance with a civil
investigative demand or similar process authorized under law.
SEC. 10. SEVERABILITY CLAUSE.
If any provision of this Act, or the application thereof to any
person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and
the application of such provision to other persons not similarly
situated or to other circumstances, shall not be affected by the
invalidation.
<all>
Introduced in House
Introduced in House
Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Sponsor introductory remarks on measure. (CR H5831)
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